Polyaniline/Fe nanocomposite is prepared in MICRO EMULSION medium of anionic surfactant (AOT). For this purpose the polymerization of aniline monomers were carried out by oxidation with FeCl3. In this method, in-situ oxidation of aniline and reduction of Fe3+ ions were took place, in which aniline monomers were oxidiesed and formed polyaniline (PANi) whereas the reduction of Fe ions resulted in the formation of Fe3+ nanoparticles in MICRO EMULSION medium in the form of PANi-Fe/AOT nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning MICROelectronic MICROscopy (SEM).

In this work PLGA copolymers with different high molecular weight and up to 95 per cent efficiency are economically synthesised using a novel ring opening as the heart of process and then with MICRO double EMULSION technique in which nanoparticles size are below 60 nanometer is obtained. Conditions under that we were successful to such synthesis are discussed later. At first, characterisation tests are accomplished for all polymers/copolymers to choice the best sample to be thermo-stable enough and also have more stability in the human body and with higher molecular weight. Double MICRO EMULSION method with very polar solvent propylene carbonate and a co-solvent PVA and DMAB as the main surfactant are used to produce nanoparticles. Some critical parameters like homogeniser speed and ultrasonic device to look into nanoparticles size, as well as surfactant type are explored whilst homogeniser worked from 5000 to 30000 rpm, surfactant was DMAB and ultrasound worked with  8 min at 75% amplitude sonicator. It is found that copolymer concentration and surfactant type affected sharply on the nanoparticles size. Meanwhile, show that ultrasound operation is not suitable to give fine nanoparticles, likely, due to high momently temperature rise in/around/surface the EMULSION. For this reason a powerful homogeniser is employed so that very fine nanoparticles are reached under low temperature. Characterisation tests such as DLS and SEM verify fine size and show a vast particle size distribution with an average 40-60 nanometer particles which is very valuable through others work because of its fine particle size. Former works have been reported large PLGA nanoparticles (up to 150 nm), perhaps to, usage of low molecular weight polymer/copolymer or sonication condition. As another novelty is that we did not buy PLGA form any company but we synthesise/purify high molecular weight (above 1000000) type of copolymers according to 10 year of our experience in this field. This was the key of our success. Our next work would be focus on the drug delivery system with PLGA nano carrier and smart nanoparticles that would be reported later.

Background and the purpose of the study: Lecithin organogels are formed spontaneously by adding a given amount of water to lecithin/organic solvent mixture. The aim of this research was to develop and optimize a semisolid preparation with appropriate release profile.Methods: Lecithin organogels containing Propranolol hydrochloride (PR) were formulated, based on phase diagram studies, using soybean lecithin (Epikuron 200), isopropyl myristate (IPM) and propranolol hydrochloride (PR) solutions (10, 20, 30, 50 % w/w) or water at various lecithin/ IPM weight ratios. The flux and the viscosity of the prepared formulations were determined and further chosen as two responses for optimization, using experimental design and optimization methods (i.e. Modified Simplex and Central Composite Designs, respectively). Results of modified simplex runs (i.e. lecithin: 30-50%, PR: 20-40% and water: 3-4%) were also used as constraints for constructing central composite design space. The numerical and graphical optimizations were then run and the “sweet spot” corresponding to the most desirable formulation region compromising both responses were achieved.Results: Phase diagrams showed a narrow area of existence of non-birefringent, transparent, viscoelastic region, which was extended as % PR incorporated into the system, was increased. It was observed that as the lecithin concentration increased from 30 to 60 % w/w, drug incorporation capacity and viscosity increased while the flux of PR from organogels decreased remarkably. Also it was found through optimization that among the organogels investigated, those formulations containing 31.5-37.5 % w/w lecithin, 30.5-34.5 % w/w PR solutions and 3-3.35 % w/w water possessed the highest flux.Major conclusion: Data confirmed that the choice of lecithin/IPM weight ratio and the amount of drug incorporated may be crucial in determining the performance of an organogel.

Quantum dots of CdS with hexagonal phase were prepared at relatively low temperature and short time compared to the other methods reported in the literature by MICRO-EMULSION (O/W) under ultrasound. This study was focused on the particle size distribution and the growth kinetics. The particle size distribution obtained from the optical absorption edge. It was relatively symmetrical with sonication time. In addition, an agreement was observed with the size distribution obtained from the TEM images of the sample under ultrasound. The growth kinetics was monitored by the red-shift in UV-Visible absorbance peaks. The cubed average particle radius showed an emergence of linear regions at longer times. This indicates that the increase of particle size at longer time can be attributed to the diffusion-limited coarsening process. The rate constant for the coarsening increases with increasing the temperature. The Arrhenius-type plot was created by using the slopes of Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) curves. The activation energy was 71.72 kJ mol-1 for the ripening process. In fact, the acoustic cavitation strongly increases the diffusion of surface atoms.

The paper is focused on the formation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp) in polyelectrolyte-modified MICRO EMULSIONs, in a MICRO EMULSION template phase consisting of cyclohexane, water, cationic surfactant and cosurfactant, in the presence of Na-polyacrylate (PAA) as an anionic polyelectrolyte. It is shown that PAA, can be incorporated into the individual inverse MICRO EMULSION droplets. The MICRO EMULSION droplets and PAA-filled MICRO EMULSION droplets can be successfully used as a template phase for the nanoparticles formation. Prepared HAp in presence of polyelectrolyte has a different morphology from samples which are synthesized in absence of polyelectrolyte. PAA leads to formation of needle-like HAp (20-30nm in diameter and 100-200nm in length). Formation of HAp at room temperature was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Size and morphology of the HAp samples were characterized using transmission electron MICROscopy (TEM).